Howard Risetti, A theory of craft: function and aesthetic expression

I included Howard Risetti's book 'A theory of craft: function and aesthetic expression' in my annotated bibliography because it was of interest and of relevance to me. Within the book Risetti talks about the importance of craft and how craft must find a niche for itself that is neither fine art, nor design, but something separate and unique, but of the same importance within the umbrella of the visual arts. Otherwise, the importance of the crafts will be lost. It's an interesting subject since ceramics sits under the umbrella of the crafts or applied arts.

Risetti doesn't like the term 'applied arts' since, for him the term has connotations with something that is machine made. I am comfortable with the term since it is used widely within educational instiutions to describe the arts where something with a purpose is made, i.e. ceramics, textiles, jewellry, 3d. But there are other types of craft aswell, since people who build dry stone walls, who make lace, who make cricket bats (and many other craftspeople)are also practising a craft, are they not? Then there are those who 'craft' at home and do things like glass painting or scrapbooking. This is something altogether different. I think the term 'craft' when talking about the applied arts is too simplistic.

Indeed, Grayson Perry said that craft is something that can be taught by a skilled craftsperson to someone else, whereas art can not be taught but is something inherant within the artist. Although Perry is a potter, to me he is a fine artist, the only difference is he is using ceramics as his medium or canvas on which he chooses to comment on contemporary issues relevant to todays society.

I think it is too simplistic to assume that a work of art must be either craft or fine art. Risatti asserts that the main function of the fine arts is to communicate certain ideas or concepts and that the main purpose of craft is to serve the physiological needs of the body. But an artist can work with traditional craft materials whilst communicating the concepts behind the work. Artists are continually exploring new materials to communicate their ideas. Love him or loathe him, Perry has done a lot to 'sell' the benefits that ceramics has to offer the visual arts. For me, as well as being a fine artist, Perry is also a craftsman since he has spent years perfecting his craft and he executes his pots (and textiles) with a lot of technical expertise. Tracey Emin is an another example of a contemporary artist working with traditional craft materials (textiles).

But is it important where the crafts/the applied arts sit in terms of the visual arts? Of course it does since paintings command a lot more money than ceramics or other applied arts. In his book 'Painted Clay: Graphic Arts and the Ceramic Surface', Paul Scott asserts that the material an artwork is made from will determine its value within the visual arts field. He used the example of how well the exhibition of Picasso’s ceramics held at the Royal Academy was received in London in 1998. He quotes the journalist Adrian Searle from ‘The Guardian’ who cited Norman Rosenthal, exhibition secretary for the Academy at the time that there had been a lot of resistance to the very idea of the ceramics show, referring to Picasso and his ceramic work as ‘kitsch.’

It's an interesting debate though...

Incidentally, I went to see the 'Power of Making' exhibition at the V&A. It was an interesting collection and it showed the breadth and depth that crafts still have today.

Second porcelain test piece

The second porcelain test piece came out of the kiln in tact. Although the form has slumped quite a bit in the kiln. As such, it is no longer round but oval and it has folded in on itself slightly. I like the non-uniform shape of it. It is still very fragile.

Second porcelain test piece after stoneware firing

As with the first test piece, the porcelain has taken the form of the various fabrics very well on the whole. Though the organza hasn't worked as well because it has resisted the porcelain in places. This can be seen at the top of the above close-up photo. Also evident is the stitched cotton fabric where I incorporated a running stitch through the fabric strip. This has also come out quite well.

Photos from my dog walks!

I often take my camera with me when I take my dog for a walk in the woods near to where we live. I generally take lots of photos in the hope that they will inspire future work projects. I love finding small details and capturing them on camera. I took these shots one sunny Autumn morning:

I thought this funghi particularly beautiful and I liked the velvety texture

I really liked the array of colours displayed on this rusty fence post

Here, I liked how the wire was wrapped around the fence post

Then a few days ago I was out early and could see lots of spiders webs, normally invisible but today displayed for all to see due to the early morning dew:

I really like the fragility and beautiful structure of spider's webs. They are something from nature that we take for granted and are easily passed by as we carry on with our busy lives. The fragilility of the structures remind me of the delicate structures I am producing at the moment with fabric and porcelain slip.

Fabric and porcelain slip

Following on from my first test piece with fabric and porcelain slip I looked for materials at home with texture that I could cast with porcelain. I found some cotton yarn that looks embroidered and some wool with a shaggy texture. I also found some organza and wanted to see how that would turn out, since it is not cotton, I expected it to work less well and repel some of the porcelain. I was also keen to stitch onto strips of fabric and incorporate that.

Second Porcelain Test Piece formed around a balloon

Close-up photo showing the different materials used including cotton'embroidered' yarn, 'shaggy' yarn, fabric stitched with a running stitch

I also used  thin strips of cotton fabric, wide cotton string and organza. Once the fabric had been left to dry for a few days, I carefully popped the balloon:

On the shelf waiting to be fired

I decided not to glaze the piece, but to see how the porcelain would be in it's natural, unglazed state. As such, I left it to be fired to stoneware temperature.

Stitching and porcelain

I decided to try a few embroidery stitches from my Mum's book '100 Embroidery Stitches'.

I tried a stem stitch and a laced running stitch.

Stem Stitch

Laced Running Stitch

I then immersed the fabric into porcelain slip:

Once dry the fabric was fired to stoneware temperature. It survived the kiln but is very brittle and fragile. It has come out quite well and the stitches are evident though subtle when touched.

I think this is a nice way of working though I think that texture is achieved better through wrapping strips of fabric around a form. Food for thought though...

Ponderings on embroidery threads, clay and tactile diagrams

My Mum has given me a beautiful box of embrioidery threads that belonged to her and her Mum:

My Grandmother was a talented embroiderer, as were many women in her day. She also made lace, decorated cakes, everything hand crafted. My Mum is unwell now but she was a talented dressmaker when she was younger, making beautiful clothes for herself and for me when I was a child. She was also very good at knitting, a skill which she taught me when I was a teenager.

Anyway, back to the box of threads. My Mum has also given me a lovely book printed in 1959 entitled '100 Embroidery Stitches'. I think that the threads and book could tie into my work with textiles and clay. I am very interested in creating ceramics that can be explored with touch. So I am going to try stitching fabric with embroidery stitches and casting that into clay to see how the stitches look and feel when cast in porcelain. I am keen to teach myself a few of the stitches in the book. I like the fact that I'd be using an object of sentimental value - I don't embroider, but it would be nice to incorporate it into my own work. It's a way of recycling materials, of using something that belonged to my Mum, of creating surface texture, perhaps like a form of braille...

When I researched visual impairments for my FMP for my foundation, I came across museum programmes for the blind or visually impaired. The non-profit organisation 'Art Education for the Blind' has produced an art history training programme for the blind and the visually impaired. Amongst the tools used is a tactile diagram to feel examples of art works.  Some works of art are complex and therefore the AEB have developed several different types of raised patterns to fully describe compositional and stylistic details:

 The various patterns used by the AEB for their tactile diagrams

The image on the right is the AEB's tactile version of Michealangelo's painting 'Creation of Adam' pictured on the left.

I think this work is very interesting and I am wondering if I can use this idea in my work.

Grayson Perry Exhibition

I went to see the Grayson Perry exhibition 'The Tomb of the Unknown Craftsman' last week at the British Museum. I thought it was excellent and a real celebration of craftspeople through the ages, to the present day. I like to see pieces that are well made and skillfully put together. This exhibition contains both. As Grayson says ' The Tomb of the Unknown Craftsman is a memorial to makers and builders, all those countless un-named skilled individuals who have made the beautiful man-made wonders of history..'

I also really like the quote by the polymath Jacob Bronowski (I found out something new today - a polymath is someone who is an expert in several fields. Leonardo de Vinci was also a polymath) Anyway, Bronowski said 'The most powerful drive in the ascent of man is his pleasure in his own skill. He loves to do what he does well and, having doen it well, he loves to do it better. You see it in his science. You see it in the magnificence with which he carves and builds, the loving care, the gaiety, the effrontery. The monuments are supposed to commemorate kings and religions, heroes, dogmas, but in the end, the man they commemmorate is the builder.'

The exibition is a combination of Perry's latest work and artefacts from  the British Museum's vast collections. In some instances it is difficult to work out which is Perry's work and which belong to the BM. Two helmets are of particular note here. The one I thought that was made by Perry was in fact a Ceremonial headdress from Ghana (19th century) and the helmet which I thought looked ancient was in fact made by Perry in 1981:

Ceremonial headress, Asante, Ghana (19th century)

Grayson Perry 'Early English Motorcycle Helmet' 1981 (Aluminium)

Grayson Perry's pots are amazingly crafted and detailed. The decals and images drawn directly onto the clay are skillfully thought out and placed with precision onto the surface. But they aren't just pots, they are comments on aspects of our current culture and society.

The Rosetta Vase (detail) Grayson Perry, 2011

His work is incredibly detailed and thought out. As well as his pots, I really liked his cast iron work which was cast in an iron foundry by craftspeople that Perry acknowledges in his exhibition guide. Again, the work is highly detailed such as 'Our Mother' shown below:

Our Mother, Grayson Perry, 2009

So all hail to Grayson Perry! His work is amazing, but I also agree with his thoughts on contemporary art. The notion that art isn't special enough anymore, that the concept has become more important than the art itself, or even that there only has to be a concept and no art. I think there has to be both, without concepts and ideas behind a work of art, then it is just a hobby, or something to look nice on a wall at home. But neither do I agree with the notion that a concept is enough. Duchamp submitted his 'Fountain' sculpture nearly 100 years ago and I agree with Grayson Perry when he says that the idea is worn out and dated. Perry's work is both thought-provoking and skillfully made. I think his work is special and when I look at it I think 'I couldn't do that, nor could I come up with the idea for it'. For me, that's what great art is.

P.S. Have just read Brian Sewell's review of this exhibition. Why did I do it when I know he is a dinosaur and is obviously out of touch with Contemporary Art if he thinks that pots can't be 'art' grrrr! I don't think I have read one review of his that has been positive.

Textiles and Clay cont.

After bisquet firing, the ceramic piece looked like this. The blue parts have been painted with cobalt oxide stain and the green parts with copper oxide:

The ceramic piece after bisquet firing

After bisquet firing (detail)

The ceramic piece held it's shape well during bisquet firing and the metallic oxides have changed colour. The piece is still powdery and will be very fragile until it is fired to stoneware tempereature (1280'c). I dripped translucent glaze onto parts of the surface so I could compare the qualities of the matt and glossy surfaces. The piece was then fired to stoneware temperature and the finished piece looks like this:

Glazed and finished piece

Glazed and finished piece (detail)

On the whole I was very pleased with how this piece came out. The form changed slightly in the kiln and became more of an oval shape. I like this as the form is more interesting now and the piece has taken on it's own shape. The metallic oxides also came out well and provide a nice contrast with the whiteness of the porcelain. I particularly like how the lace ended up and it worked better than I expected. The fragility of the lace is clearly visible in places, accentuated by the copper oxide. There are also interesting contrasts between the glazed and unglazed parts of the plain porcelain. In a way, the glassy surface that the glaze has covered dilutes and mutes the texture of the fabric. I think that the unglazed parts are much more interesting and have more depth. This way of working definately allows me to create lots of surface texture, and I really like this.

Textiles and Clay

My work for my final project of my foundation was based on the theme of visual impairments. I investigated textured surfaces of ceramic pieces; the idea being to be able to experience the artwork through the sense of touch, as well as through sight. Although my final ceramic piece became something else, I carried out test pieces to investigate texture:

I was introduced to the technique of dipping strips of fabric into porcelain slip. The idea is that the cellulose fibres of cotton fabric absorbs the liquid porcelain. When the pieces is fired in the kiln, the fabric burns away leaving the impression of the material cast in clay. Man-made fibres don't work as well as they are less efficient at absorbing the liquid porcelain.

Before beggining, the casting slip needs to be stirred well as it contains a deflocculant which holds the clay in suspension. Using a balloon as a former, I wrapped it with different materials that had been dipped in the porcelain slip. I used a selection of string and thin strips of contton fabric. I coloured some of the pieces of string and fabric with metallic oxides mixed with a water-based medium to create colour. I also soaked some nylon lace in the copper mixture and applied it to the surface. I then dripped some of the porcelain slip onto some of the surface.

Once the slip had dried, I popped the balloon and turned it the right way up:

 The piece was then bisquet dried..